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                <term xml:lang="en">Wagner</term>
                <term xml:lang="en">private military and security company</term>
                <term xml:lang="en">terrorist organization</term>
                <term xml:lang="en">transnational criminal organization</term>
                <term xml:lang="en">combatant</term>
                <term xml:lang="en">mercenary</term>
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                <term xml:lang="en">due diligence</term>
                <term xml:lang="fr">mercenaire</term>
                <term xml:lang="fr">Wagner</term>
                <term xml:lang="fr">entreprise militaire et de sécurité privée</term>
                <term xml:lang="fr">organisation terroriste</term>
                <term xml:lang="fr">organisation criminelle transnationale</term>
                <term xml:lang="fr">combattant</term>
                <term xml:lang="fr">due diligence</term>
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              <p>Several human rights violations were committed by Wagner over the recruitment and the deployment phases of its members. However, both the nature of the Wagner ‘Group’ and who shall be held accountable for its actions are unclear, and this article focuses on these aspects. It is explained that, owing to the lack of a clear legal status and the fighting functions of Wagner, it is hard to describe it in terms of a private military and security company. It nevertheless qualifies as a terrorist organisation or a transnational criminal organisation. Then, the lack of responsible command and the systematic beaches of IHL prevent its members from being granted the status of combatant or prisoner-of-war. As nationals of a Party to a conflict shall not be described as mercenaries, such a status also varies. In terms of the law of responsibility, Wagner is neither a de jure nor a de facto organ of the Russian State. Should a mere contract have capacity to empower one to exercise elements of the governmental authority, Syria could for example be found liable for certain acts. As far as the action of private persons is involved, some situations indeed result from instructions, directives, or control, and could be attributed to Russia, Mali, or the CAR. Due diligence obligations are nevertheless systematically breached by these States.Several human rights violations were committed by Wagner over the recruitment and the deployment phases of its members. However, both the nature of the Wagner ‘Group’ and who shall be held accountable for its actions are unclear, and this article focuses on these aspects. It is explained that, owing to the lack of a clear legal status and the fighting functions of Wagner, it is hard to describe it in terms of a private military and security company. It nevertheless qualifies as a terrorist organisation or a transnational criminal organisation. Then, the lack of responsible command and the systematic beaches of IHL prevent its members from being granted the status of combatant or prisoner-of-war. As nationals of a Party to a conflict shall not be described as mercenaries, such a status also varies. In terms of the law of responsibility, Wagner is neither a de jure nor a de facto organ of the Russian State. Should a mere contract have capacity to empower one to exercise elements of the governmental authority, Syria could for example be found liable for certain acts. As far as the action of private persons is involved, some situations indeed result from instructions, directives, or control, and could be attributed to Russia, Mali, or the CAR. Due diligence obligations are nevertheless systematically breached by these States.</p>
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              <p>Les violations des droits humains commises par Wagner sont nombreuses, et ont été commises durant les phases de recrutement et de déploiement de ses membres. Or, tant la nature du « Groupe » Wagner que l’identité de ceux devant répondre de ses actes sont obscures, et le présent article se penche sur ces questions. Il explique que, du fait de son manque de statut juridique clair et des activités de combat qui lui ont été confiées, il est compliqué de désigner Wagner comme une entreprise militaire et de sécurité privée. Toutefois, il apparait que Wagner peut tout à fait être désigné comme une organisation terroriste ou une organisation criminelle transnationale. Ensuite, et du fait de l’absence de commandement responsable et de la méconnaissance systématique des règles de DIH, ses membres ne semblent pas éligibles au statut de combattant ou de prisonnier de guerre. La qualité de mercenaire est variable, car le ressortissant d’une Partie au conflit ne saurait être considéré comme tel. En matière de droit de la responsabilité, Wagner n’apparait ni comme un organe de jure, ni comme un organe de facto de la Russie. Si un simple contrat permet de transférer des prérogatives de puissance publique, un État comme la Syrie pourrait néanmoins être responsable de certains actes. Quant au fait des personnes privées, des situations relèvent bien des instructions, de la direction et du contrôle, et sont donc attribuables à la Russie, au Mali ou à la RCA. En revanche, ces États ont bien méconnu leurs obligations de due diligence.</p>
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